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Immanuel Velikovsky
Immanuel Velikovsky (; 17 November 1979) was a Russian-Jewish independent scholar, best known as the author of a number of controversial books reinterpreting the events of ancient history, in particular the US bestseller ''Worlds in Collision'', published in 1950.〔(Princeton University press release, July 29, 2005 ) (quoted on website of Dr. Ruth Velikovsky Sharon)〕 Earlier, he played a role in the founding of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel, and was a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst.
His books use comparative mythology and ancient literary sources (including the Old Testament) to argue that Earth suffered catastrophic close contacts with other planets (principally Venus and Mars) in ancient times. In positioning Velikovsky among catastrophists including Hans Bellamy, Ignatius Donnelly, and Johann Gottlieb Radlof, the British astronomers Victor Clube and Bill Napier noted "... Velikovsky is not so much the first of the new catastrophists ...; he is the last in a line of traditional catastrophists going back to mediaeval times and probably earlier."〔Clube, S. V. M. and Bill Napier 1984. Velikovskians In Collision. ''Quadrant'' (Sydney). Jan.-Feb., pp. 33-34; reprinted in ''Kronos'' vol. IX, no. 3, 1984. pp. 44-49.〕 Velikovsky argued that electromagnetic effects play an important role in celestial mechanics. He also proposed a revised chronology for ancient Egypt, Greece, Israel and other cultures of the ancient Near East. The revised chronology aimed at explaining the so-called "dark age" of the eastern Mediterranean (c. 1100–750 BC) and reconciling biblical history with mainstream archaeology and Egyptian chronology.
In general, Velikovsky's theories have been ignored or vigorously rejected by the academic community.〔Trevor Palmer, ''(Perilous Planet Earth: Catastrophes and Catastrophism through the Ages )'', Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-81928-8. pp.116-119.〕 Nonetheless, his books often sold well and gained an enthusiastic support in lay circles, often fuelled by claims of unfair treatment for Velikovsky by orthodox academia.〔Morrison, David (2001). (Velikovsky at Fifty: Cultures in Collision on the Fringes of Science. ) ''Skeptic'', 9 (1), 62-76; reprinted in Shermer, Michael (editor) (2002). The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience, Santa Barbara, Calif. ISBN 1-57607-653-9. 473-488.〕〔Cohen, Daniel (1967). Myths of the Space Age, Dodd Mead. LCCN 67-25108. Chap. VIII, Immanuel Velikovsky — the Man Who Challenged the World, pp. 172-94.〕〔Gordon, Theodore J. (1966). Ideas in Conflict, St. Martin's Press. LCCN 66-23261. Chap. 2, The Miracles of Exodus, pp. 18-48.〕〔Fair, Charles (1974). The New Nonsense: The End of the Rational Consensus, Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-21822-0. Chap. viii, Speaking of Flying Objects ... , pp. 139-86.〕 The controversy surrounding his work and its reception is often referred to as "the Velikovsky affair".〔Bauer, Henry H. (1992). The Velikovsky Affair ''Aeon'', 2 (6), 75-84. (Homestead.com ) This article, a comprehensive overview, originally appeared in Dec. 1988 La Recherche, pp. 1448-55.〕〔Bauer, Henry H. (1996). Velikovsky, Immanuel, in Gordon Stein (editor), ''The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal''. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-021-5. pp. 781-788.〕〔Grove, J. W. (1989). In Defence of Science: Science, technology, and politics in modern society, University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-2634-6. Chap. 5, Pseudo-science, pp. 120-50; adapted from Grove, J. W. (1985). Rationality at Risk: Science against Pseudoscience. ''Minerva'', 23 (2), 216-40.〕
==Childhood and early education==
Immanuel Velikovsky was born in 1895 to a prosperous Jewish family in Vitebsk, Russia (now in Belarus). The son of Shimon (Simon Yehiel) Velikovsky (1859–1937) and Beila Grodensky, he learned several languages as a child and was sent away to study at the Medvednikov Gymnasium in Moscow, where he performed well in Russian and mathematics. He graduated with a gold medal in 1913. Velikovsky then traveled in Europe and visited Palestine before briefly studying medicine at Montpellier in France and taking premedical courses at the University of Edinburgh. He returned to Russia before the outbreak of World War I, enrolled in the University of Moscow, and received a medical degree in 1921.
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